Old Sun Boiler Room

The boiler room and former coal shoot at Old Sun Community College. This large space continues to house the utilities used to heat this large masonry building. A metal door leading to the coal shoot contains graffiti from students and staff that dates back to the early days of Old Sun Indian Residential School.

“If these schools are to succeed, we must not have them too near the bands; in order to educate the children properly we must separate them from their families. Some people may say this is hard, but if we want to civilize them we must do that.” – A Federal Cabinet Minister, 1883

Heating, Water and Plumbing

While there have been technological updates and modernization of the utilities, the boiler room retains much of its original appearance since its operation as part of Old Sun Indian Residential School.

Graffiti covered door in the boiler room. August 2020.

Students at the school were responsible for tasks related to the operation of the school such as laundry, washing dishes, harvesting food from the gardens, serving staff meals, taking care of livestock, and shoveling coal. Children working at these tasks would be assigned them both as daily living chores but also as punishments like having to clean the floor with a toothbrush, which as Mandel Old Woman recounts was a task given to students as young as the age of four years old. Other punishments included locking children up in isolated rooms or in remote areas of the school, likely including the boiler room.

While most of the boiler room at Old Sun is one area, the coal room is separated by a thick steel door, which is original to the 1932 construction of the school. Engraved on the door is a variety of graffiti from children who were in attendance of the school, including names, pictures, and dates that are legible as far back as the 1930s. This door provides a physical connection to the Old Sun residential school and the experiences survivors had while in attendance.

Fire Hazards and Protection Methods

Ruins of Old Sun School after fire, 1928. Courtesy of Glenbow Library and Archives Collection, Libraries and Cultural Resources Digital Collections, University of Calgary.

Archival documents reveal that fires were all too common at many Indian Residential Schools. The original Old Sun School at Siksika, for example, was constructed largely of wood and was lost to fire in June 1928. In this instance, Government investigators determined that the fire was caused by spontaneous combustion within the diary and storage cellar spaces within the building. In other schools, fires originated in basement boiler rooms where coal was burned to heat water as part of the hydronic heating systems. Other high-risk locations included kitchens and laundry areas.

Old Sun Indian Residential School (brick version) suffered its first fire within a year of its completion (1931). A fire caused by a defective heating element in one of the boilers had resulted from a small explosion. Investigators noted that the boilers in the basement of Old Sun were unmonitored at the time of the incident, suggesting that it could have been prevented. A second incident involving boilers occurred in 1947 and required an extended holiday break for students as repairs had to be undertaken to restore heat and hot water to the building. Rather than address the recurring mechanical issues with the boilers, the superintendent investigating the incident approved a night watchman to keep an eye on the boilers.

Many residential schools were located in remote rural areas and therefore were not easily served by municipal fire departments. As a result, the suppression of school fires required easy access to well-maintained fire extinguishers and dependable sources of water. Unfortunately, Government documents reveal that cost-cutting measures prevented many identified fire hazards from being addressed, placing students at significant risk.

To keep students safe, dormitories and classrooms required unobstructed fire routes to exterior stairways (fire escapes). However, there were no national standards in Canada requiring the installation of fire escapes for most of the residential school era. Instead, contractors took it upon themselves to make recommendations about when and where fire escapes should be installed. The general rule of thumb was that fire escapes should be fitted above the second floor of large multi-story buildings.

Water Quality and Quantity

Government inspections and reports indicate that water was not available in sufficient quantities to address fire suppression, nor was it of a sufficient quality to be considered usable as drinking water by students and staff at Old Sun.

Well water quality and supply issues were well documented problems at all three of the schools preserved in this archive. At Old Sun, emergency repairs to well pumps and valves were required approximately one year after the school had opened. In October and November of 1932, reports indicate that the school was left without water for several hours. While well pumps proved to be a constant source of trouble, hydrological investigations revealed that a drop in the water table combined with an inlet pipe that had been laid incorrectly meant that major repairs were necessary. Even after repairs were undertaken, the supervising engineer reported that well tests indicated that only 2/3 of the water necessary for daily operation of the school were being produced. In some cases, it appears that water was withheld by some residential school administrators as a means of controlling and exercising power over the children.

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This image includes modern images of the boiler room. If anyone has historic photos of the boiler room at Old Sun that they would like to submit to this archive, please contact us at irsdocumentationproject@gmail.com or submit through "Submit your Memories" button at the top of the page.

Leica BLK scanning coal room during digital documentation of Old Sun. August 2020. Photo source: Madisen Hvidberg.

The previous, wooden, Old Sun school which burnt down from a fire started in the boiler room. [192-?]. P7538-673 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

The previous, wooden, Old Sun school which burnt down from a fire started in the boiler room. [192-?]. P7538-672 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

The previous, wooden, Old Sun school which burnt down from a fire started in the boiler room. [192-?]. P7538-638 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Students Hilda Lowhorn, Ruby Stimson, Edna Studhorse, Ronald Cutter and Wallace Bearchief assist Laundry Matron Mrs. J. Champness to hang clothing on the line, outside school. 1945. P75-103-S7-170 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Four girls make butter in the kitchens down the hall from the boiler room. [194-?]. P75-103-S7-165 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Girls in kitchen washing dishes. From left to right, Daisy Olds, --, Donna Jean Bear, ---. 1955-1957. NA-4817-19. Courtesy of Glenbow Archives .

Back of the new Old Sun school, showing door into the boiler room next to the base of the chimney. [193-?]. M55-01-P52 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

The boiler room in Old Sun. August 2020. Photo source: Madisen Hvidberg.

Students spent much of their time doing maintenance and chores for the school. Here, workshop boys build a brooder house. [194-?]. P75-103-S7-192 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Students spent much of their time doing maintenance and chores for the school. Here, workshop boys build a brooder house. [194-?]. P75-103-S7-187 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Students spent much of their time doing maintenance and chores for the school. Here, a student stands in the schools' potato field. Crops would be stored in the root cellar near the boiler room. August 13, 1949. P7538-1000 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Students spent much of their time doing maintenance and chores for the school. Here, a a senior boy discs stubble. Fall 1923. P7538-684 from the General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada.

Laser scanning data can be used to create “as built” architectural plans which can support repair and restoration work to Old Sun Community College. This plan was created using Autodesk Revit and forms part of a larger building information model (BIM) of the school. The Revit drawings and laser scanning data for this school are securely archived with access controlled by the Old Sun Advisory Committee.

Rosemary Red Gun- Beaten with a Stick

I am now going to talk about how I was severely beaten by the teacher. His name was Mr. Montgomery.

When I started school, he hardly taught us most of the time. In the mornings he taught just for a little bit, the rest of the afternoon we just played. In the summertime he would take us outside, we would walk out into a field. He would bring a big pot, they poured juice into it and sandwiches. The boys carried the juice and we would start walking out into the field towards Suzy’s Slough, not too far from there. It was there we would sit and we just played, then about 3 o’clock we would start back, back to the school, into our class. After that school was over.

When I went to class that one afternoon, Mr. Montgomery told me to stand up so I stood up. There was a word, I did not know how to say the word. He was telling me to say the word and that I was not too smart. I didn’t even know how to say the word… then he got really mad, and he slammed the stick on the desk. I jumped at how scared I was, that was after I sat back down. He was telling to say that word. The rest of the students didn’t talk, they just sat there looking at us. He kept telling me over again to “say that word,” but I didn’t talk. Then he hit me with that stick, they call them pointer sticks, they’re long and fat and skinny long ways. He hit me with it on my arm and I thought, “there he finished hitting me.” But he hit me again on the same arm, and then, one after the other one, he kept on hitting me and then my back.

I don’t know how many times he hit me with the stick on my back. He still kept telling me… and the boys were making shushing for him to leave me alone, he didn’t care. He treated me like… I don’t what came over him, why he beat me so severely. So after that when I started going back I was crying and I showed the supervisor my arms. She said “what happened” and I told her “Mr. Montgomery was hitting me with a stick and that stick broke on me.” My arms were all bruised up and my back. The supervisor was checking me out and she told me, “what happened?” I told her “Mr. Montgomery was hitting me with that stick.” She was so shocked.

The next thing I knew they took me out of the playroom, they brought me into the dining room and after I also showed the lady my back. I don’t remember who was our supervisor was at the time, I showed her my back. They brought me to that dining room, they brought in Mr. Starr. He looked at my back and my arms. He was really mad and he just walked out. I don’t know what happened after that. They brought me to the dorm and put me to bed. I couldn’t lie on my back because of my back and how he beat me so severely. Then the police came, they were checking me and looking at my arms and back. Then after that… I don’t remember what happened. He never came back, after the school was out. I think it was in May when this happened. Then the next month it was summer holidays but he never came back, they had to let him go cause of what he did.

– Rosemary Red Gun